Assalamu Alaikum wa Rahmatullah wa Barakatuh! Mufti Sahib, I am a freelancer and I wish to purchase a motorcycle for myself, but I am unable to save the full amount at once. I have an account in Meezan Bank. I asked them about purchasing a motorcycle on monthly installments. They informed me that if I delay any installment, then once all installments are completed, the bank will impose a penalty on me, and that amount will be given as charity to some charity organization. In this situation, is it permissible for me to take the motorcycle on such installment terms or not? This humble servant seeks your guidance.
When entering into an installment-based sale agreement with any individual or institution (such as Meezan Bank), it is necessary to observe the following conditions:
1. The bank must purchase the motorcycle/car from the showroom and take it into its own possession, and only afterward sell it to the customer through a separate contract.
2. It must be clearly agreed in the very session of the contract that the transaction is on credit and installments.
3. The value of each installment must be determined.
4. The total number of installments must also be fixed.
5. No penalty or additional charge may be stipulated for delaying any installment.
Therefore, if the mentioned bank adheres to the above conditions while conducting installment transactions, then it is permissible for the questioner to purchase a motorcycle on installments from this bank; otherwise, it is not permissible. The questioner must also ensure timely payment of each installment after entering into an installment agreement with the bank, and should avoid unnecessary delay. However, the additional amount taken by a non-interest-based bank for late payment is not for its own use; rather, the bank is required to donate it entirely to charitable causes. Hence, such an amount is not considered interest in Shariʿah, but it is a commitment to give charity, imposed only to ensure timely payments.
کما فی الدر المختار: (وصح بثمن حال) وھو الأصل (ومؤجل إلی معلوم) لئلا یفضی إلی النزاع إلخ(کتاب البیوع، ج: :4، ص: 531، ط : سعید)۔
وفی فقہ البیوع: وکما یجوز ضرب الأجل لأداء الثمن دفعۃ واحدۃ کذلک یجوز أن یکون أداء الثمن بأقساط، بشرط أن تکون آجال الأقساط ومبالغھا معینۃ عند العقد، وقد یسمی ”البیع بالتقسیط“، وھو نوع من البیع المؤجل، والأقساط قد تسمی نجوماً إلخ(المبحث الأول فی البیع الحال والمؤجل، ج: 1، ص: 539، ط: مکتبۃ معارف القرآن کراتشی)۔
وفیہ أیضاً: وإن زیادۃ الثمن من أجل الأجل، وإن کان جائزاً عند بدایۃ العقد، ولکن لاتجوز الزیادۃ عند التخلف فی الأداء، فإنہ ربا فی معنی ”أتقضی أم تربی؟“ وذلک لأن الأجل، وإن کان منظوراً عند تعیین الثمن فی بدایۃ العقد، ولکن لما تعین الثمن، فإن کلہ مقابل للمبیع، ولیس مقابلا للأجل، ولذلک لایجوز ”ضع و تعجل“ کما سیأتی تفصلیہ أن شاء اللہ تعالی، أما إذا زید فی الثمن عند التخلف فی الأداء، فھو مقابل للأجل مباشرۃ لاغیر، وھو الربا إلخ۔(الباب الأول فی البیع الحال والمؤجل، البیع بالتقسیظ، ج: 1، ص: 545، ط: مکتبۃ معارف القرآن کراتشی)۔
Permissibility and impermissibility of profits gained through Islamic banks
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