My husband’s salary is low, due to which I bear about 80% of the household expenses from my own income. I have heard that a wife can give zakat to her husband, so can I count the financial assistance I am providing for household expenses as zakat, since meeting household expenses is the husband’s responsibility, not the wife’s?
My second question is that I do not spend the profit received from the bank on myself; rather, I distribute it among the needy. Can I give that amount to my husband as well?
According to the Hanafi jurists, a husband and wife cannot give zakat to one another, even if one of them is poor and eligible to receive zakat. Therefore, in the present case, the amount the questioner spends to assist her husband in household necessities cannot be counted as her zakat. Rather, it is obligatory upon her to discharge her zakat by spending it on other eligible recipients.
As for the profit received from the bank, if it is obtained from an interest-based (riba) bank account, then it is unlawful and impermissible. It is necessary to dispose of it as soon as possible, and whatever amount has already been received must be given in charity to needy poor people without the intention of reward (thawab). Hence, it is obligatory for the questioner to refrain from spending this amount directly on herself or, through her husband, on household needs. However, if the questioner’s account is with a non-interest-based (Shariah-compliant) bank, then the profit obtained from it may be used for her own needs or gifted to her husband.
كما في الهداية: "ولا إلى امرأته" للاشتراك في المنافع عادة "ولا تدفع المرأة إلى زوجها" عند أبي حنيفة رحمه الله لما ذكرنا. وقالا: تدفع إليه لقوله عليه الصلاة والسلام "لك أجران أجر الصدقة وأجر الصلة" قاله لامرأة عبد الله بن مسعود رضي الله عنه وقد سألته عن التصدق عليه قلنا هو محمول على النافلة. [(1/ 111)]
وفي بدائع الصنائع: ومنها أن لا تكون منافع الأملاك متصلة بين المؤدي وبين المؤدى إليه؛ لأن ذلك يمنع وقوع الأداء تمليكا من الفقير من كل وجه بل يكون صرفا إلى نفسه من وجه وعلى هذا يخرج الدفع إلى الوالدين وإن علوا والمولودين وإن سفلوا؛ لأن أحدهما ينتفع بمال الآخر ولا يجوز أن يدفع الرجل الزكاة إلى زوجته بالإجماع، وفي دفع المرأة إلى زوجها اختلاف بين. [(2/ 49)]
وفي رد المحتار: وقال في النهاية: قال بعض مشايخنا: كسب المغنية كالمغصوب لم يحل أخذه، وعلى هذا قالوا لو مات الرجل وكسبه من بيع الباذق أو الظلم أو أخذ الرشوة يتورع الورثة، ولا يأخذون منه شيئا وهو أولى بهم ويردونها على أربابها إن عرفوهم، وإلا تصدقوا بها لأن سبيل الكسب الخبيث التصدق إذا تعذر الرد على صاحبه اهـ. [ط سعيد (6/ 385)]
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